Chaga Mushroom

• How It Works

  Human studies on potential anticancer and immunostimulating effects of chaga mushroom are needed.

  Chaga mushroom is found in several areas in the Northern Hemisphere, and has been used in folk medicine for various ailments. Laboratory and animal studies show that compounds in chaga can kill cancer cells selectively and stimulate the immune system. Chaga may also reduce fatigue and inflammation, and increase mental sharpness. However, clinical trials are needed to confirm safety and effectiveness for these uses. In addition, chaga may interact with some drugs and is high in oxalates, which may prevent the absorption of some nutrients and can be toxic in high doses.

• Purported Uses
  • To prevent and treat cancer
    Laboratory and animal studies suggest chaga may inhibit the progression of some cancers. Studies in humans are needed.
  • To stimulate the immune system
    Laboratory and animal studies suggest chaga can activate some types of immune cells. Studies in humans are needed.
  • To reduce inflammation
    Laboratory and animal studies suggest anti-inflammatory effects. Clinical trials for this use are needed.
  • To protect the liver
    Although protective effects have been reported, these benefits have not yet been studied or confirmed.
• Do Not Take If
  • You are taking blood-thinning medications (eg, warfarin): Laboratory studies suggest that chaga may cause additional effects.
  • You are taking diabetic medications: Laboratory studies suggest that chaga may also lower blood sugar, causing additional effects.
  • You have kidney disease: Chaga is high in oxalates and may cause kidney problems in some individuals.
• Side Effects

  No clinical trials have assessed chaga’s safety, so there is a lack of information on possible side effects.

  Case report

  Kidney damage/disease: Associated with taking chaga daily for 6 months, in a 72-year-old Japanese woman with liver cancer.

• Special Point

  Chaga is high in oxalates, which may prevent the absorption of some nutrients and can be toxic in high doses.

• Scientific Name

  Inonotus obliquus

• Clinical Summary

  Chaga mushroom is found on birch and other trees in cold climates. It has been used as a folk remedy for cancer, digestive system diseases, and various ailments in Russia and other northern European countries. The conk that is used medicinally comprises wood from the substrate tree and mycelium of the invasive fungus ⁽¹²⁾.

  In vitro, chaga has demonstrated antitumor ^(12) (13), anti-mutagenic ⁽⁹⁾, antiviral ⁽¹⁴⁾, antiplatelet ⁽²⁾, antidiabetic ⁽¹⁵⁾, antioxidant ⁽⁸⁾, and analgesic ⁽³⁾ effects. In vivo studies also demonstrate immunomodulating ⁽¹⁶⁾, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving properties ⁽³⁾.

  In animal studies, chaga displayed anti-allergic ⁽¹⁷⁾, cognition-enhancing, and antioxidant activities ⁽¹⁸⁾. In murine colitis models, chaga exerted anti-inflammatory effects ⁽¹⁹⁾. Oral administration of polysaccharides from chaga increased exercise endurance and biological measures related to fatigue ⁽²⁰⁾. Antidiabetic effects have also been observed ^(4) (27).

  Chaga extracts and constituents have demonstrated inhibitory and proapoptotic effects against colon ^{(5) (21) (22)}, lung ⁽²⁸⁾, and liver cancer ⁽¹⁾ cells. Inotodiol from chaga exerted antitumor effects against cervical cancer cells ⁽²³⁾. In some studies, chaga demonstrated selective apoptosis in tumor cells with no effects on healthy cells ⁽¹⁾. In animal models, it inhibited melanoma cell growth ⁽⁷⁾.

  To date, no clinical trials have been conducted to assess chaga’s safety and efficacy for disease prevention or for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. Chaga mushrooms are high in oxalates and excessive intake may have toxic effects ⁽²⁴⁾.

  Because natural reserves of this fungus have nearly been exhausted, scientists are seeking to develop cultivated substitutes of wild chaga ^(4) (25).

• Food Sources

  Although chaga is an edible fungus, it is not commonly ingested due to its bitter nature. Tea can be made from the whole mushroom.

• Purported Uses
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Cancer treatment and prevention
  • Hepatoprotective
  • Immunostimulation
• Mechanism of Action

  Oxalic, gallic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids have been identified in chaga extracts ⁽¹²⁾. In vitro, antidiabetic effects are attributed to terpenoids that inhibit alpha-glucosidase ⁽¹⁵⁾. Anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties may occur via inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) ⁽³⁾. Immunomodulating effects are attributed to Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion in immune cells and regulation of antigen-specific antibody production ⁽¹⁶⁾. Anti-quorum sensing activity in chaga conks suggests broader anti-infection attributes beyond immunomodulatory effects ⁽¹²⁾.

  In animal studies, a methanolic extract of chaga produced beneficial effects on learning and memory via decreased malondialdehyde and nitrite levels, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity, and restored glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and acetylcholine levels ⁽¹⁸⁾. Antifatigue effects were attributed to polysaccharides from chaga, which increased endurance and glycogen content of liver and muscle in mice, while decreasing blood lactic acid and serum urea nitrogen levels ⁽²⁰⁾. Anti-inflammatory effects in animal colitis models were related to suppression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, iNOS, and interleukin (IL)-1beta ⁽¹⁹⁾.

  3beta-hydroxy-lanosta-8, 24-dien-21-al, and inotodiol constituents in chaga produce antimutagenic and antioxidative activities ⁽⁹⁾. Water-soluble lignin derivatives have also been identified as bioactive constituents with anticancer properties ⁽²⁶⁾. A hot-water extract of chaga exhibited inhibitory and proapoptotic actions against colon cancer cells via upregulation of Bax and caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 ⁽⁵⁾. Inhibition of colorectal cancer was exerted by the constituent ergosterol via downregulation of the beta-catenin pathway ⁽²¹⁾. Inotodiol, a triterpenoid isolated from chaga, inhibited proliferation of cervical cancer cells and induced apoptosis in vitro via increased Bax expression, decreased Bcl-2, cyclin E downregulation, and p27 up-regulation ⁽²³⁾. Aqueous extracts of chaga inhibited growth of human hepatoma cells via G0/G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and selective apoptotic induction ⁽¹⁾. Other apoptotic characteristics can induce caspase cleavage and nuclear fragmentation ⁽⁷⁾.

• Adverse Reactions

  As there have been no clinical trials to assess chaga’s safety, there is a lack of information with respect to potential side effects.

  Case report
  Oxalate nephropathy: Associated with the ingestion of chaga mushroom powder (4-5 teaspoons daily for 6 months), in a 72-year-old Japanese woman with liver cancer ⁽²⁴⁾.

• Herb-Drug Interactions
  • Antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs: Chaga extract inhibited platelet aggregation in a murine model ⁽²⁾. It may also have synergistic effects when used with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs, but clinical relevance is not known.
  • Hypoglycemic agents: In vitro, chaga had additive effects in lowering blood sugar levels ⁽¹⁵⁾. Clinical significance is yet unknown.
• References

  1. Youn MJ, Kim JK, Park SY, et al. Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. World J Gastroenterol. Jan 28 2008;14(4):511-517.

  2. Hyun KW, Jeong SC, Lee DH, Park JS, Lee JS. Isolation and characterization of a novel platelet aggregation inhibitory peptide from the medicinal mushroom, Inonotus obliquus. Peptides. Jun 2006;27(6):1173-1178.

  3. Park YM, Won JH, Kim YH, et al. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of the methanol extract of Inonotus obliquus. J Ethnopharmacol. Oct 3 2005;101(1-3):120-128.

  4. Sun JE, Ao ZH, Lu ZM, et al. Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of dry matter of culture broth of Inonotus obliquus in submerged culture on normal and alloxan-diabetes mice. J Ethnopharmacol. Jun 19 2008;118(1):7-13.

  5. Lee SH, Hwang HS, Yun JW. Antitumor activity of water extract of a mushroom, Inonotus obliquus, against HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Phytother Res. Apr 15 2009.

  6. Zhong XH, Ren K, Lu SJ, Yang SY, Sun DZ. Progress of research on Inonotus obliquus. Chin J Integr Med. Apr 2009;15(2):156-160.

  7. Youn MJ, Kim JK, Park SY, et al. Potential anticancer properties of the water extract of Inonotus [corrected] obliquus by induction of apoptosis in melanoma B16-F10 cells. J Ethnopharmacol. Jan 21 2009;121(2):221-228.

  8. Najafzadeh M, Reynolds PD, Baumgartner A, Jerwood D, Anderson D. Chaga mushroom extract inhibits oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Biofactors. 2007;31(3-4):191-200.

  9. Ham SS, Kim SH, Moon SY, et al. Antimutagenic effects of subfractions of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) extract. Mutat Res. Jan 10 2009;672(1):55-59.

  10. Caifa Chen WZ, Gao X, Xiang X, et al. Aqueous Extract of Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilat (Hymenochaetaceae) Significantly Inhibits the Growth of Sarcoma 180 by Inducing Apoptosis. Am J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007. 2(1):10-17.

  11. Shashkina MY, Shashkin PN, Sergeev AV. Chemical and Medicobiological Properties of Chaga (Review). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 2006. 40(10):560-568.

  12. Glamoclija J, Ciric A, Nikolic M, et al. Chemical characterization and biological activity of Chaga (Inonotus obliquus), a medicinal “mushroom”. J Ethnopharmacol. Mar 13 2015;162:323-332.

  13. Ning X, Luo Q, Li C, et al. Inhibitory effects of a polysaccharide extract from the Chaga medicinal mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (higher Basidiomycetes), on the proliferation of human neurogliocytoma cells. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2014;16(1):29-36.

  14. Pan HH, Yu XT, Li T, et al. Aqueous extract from a Chaga medicinal mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (higher Basidiomycetes), prevents herpes simplex virus entry through inhibition of viral-induced membrane fusion. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2013;15(1):29-38.

  15. Ying YM, Zhang LY, Zhang X, et al. Terpenoids with alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity from the submerged culture of Inonotus obliquus. Phytochemistry. Dec 2014;108:171-176.

  16. Ko SK, Jin M, Pyo MY. Inonotus obliquus extracts suppress antigen-specific IgE production through the modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. J Ethnopharmacol. Oct 11 2011;137(3):1077-1082.

  17. Yoon TJ, Lee SJ, Kim EY, et al. Inhibitory effect of chaga mushroom extract on compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock and IgE production in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. Apr 2013;15(4):666-670.

  18. Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Konishi T. Amelioration of scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress by Inonotus obliquus – a medicinal mushroom. Food Funct. Jun 2011;2(6):320-327.

  19. Mishra SK, Kang JH, Kim DK, et al. Orally administered aqueous extract of Inonotus obliquus ameliorates acute inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. Sep 28 2012;143(2):524-532.

  20. Yue Z, Xiuhong Z, Shuyan Y, et al. Effect of Inonotus Obliquus Polysaccharides on physical fatigue in mice. J Tradit Chin Med. Aug 2015;35(4):468-472.

  21. Kang JH, Jang JE, Mishra SK, et al. Ergosterol peroxide from Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) exhibits anti-cancer activity by down-regulation of the beta-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. Sep 15 2015;173:303-312.

  22. Lee HS, Kim EJ, Kim SH. Ethanol extract of Innotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) induces G1 cell cycle arrest in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Nutr Res Pract. Apr 2015;9(2):111-116.

  23. Zhao LW, Zhong XH, Yang SY, et al. Inotodiol inhabits proliferation and induces apoptosis through modulating expression of cyclinE, p27, bcl-2, and bax in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(7):3195-3199.

  24. Kikuchi Y, Seta K, Ogawa Y, et al. Chaga mushroom-induced oxalate nephropathy. Clin Nephrol. Jun 2014;81(6):440-444.

  25. Sun Y, Yin T, Chen XH, et al. In vitro antitumor activity and structure characterization of ethanol extracts from wild and cultivated Chaga medicinal mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilat (Aphyllophoromycetideae). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2011;13(2):121-130.

  26. Wang Q, Mu H, Zhang L, et al. Characterization of two water-soluble lignin metabolites with antiproliferative activities from Inonotus obliquus. Int J Biol Macromol. Mar 2015;74:507-514.

  27. Wang J, Hu W, Li L, et al. Antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides separated from Inonotus obliquus via the modulation of oxidative stress in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0180476. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180476

  28. Baek J, Roh HS, Baek KH, et al. Bioactivity-based analysis and chemical characterization of cytotoxic constituents from Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) that induce apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. J Ethnopharmacol. Oct 5 2018;224:63-75.